Cultivation of cocoa(theobroma cocoa)

 

Cultivation of cocoa

·         Botanical name of cocoa- Theobroma cacao l

·         Family= malvaceae

·         Chromosome number= 2n=20

·         Origin place= Amazon vally of south america

·         Edible part=Pod

·         Type of fruit= indehisent drupe

·         Type of inflorescence=couliflores

·         Type of plant= Small tropical tree

·         Type of pollination= Cross

·         Pollinating agent-ceratopogonidae family insects.

·         Commercial propogation= soft wood grafting

·         Highest production in world= ivory coast(40%) or cote de ivoire

·         Highest production in india= Kerla

·         Other name – Food of god

 

·       cocoa commercialization  starts in – 1960

·       Theobroma word derived from two “greek” word “Theos” means “God” and “broma” means “Food”.

·       Cocoa is a beverage* crop.

Beverage crops are those crops ,who’s gives potable drink

·       it is the rich source of fat(37%) and protein(7%).

·       It require mean temperature 25C, but it can tolerate 15-40C.

·       It is a shade loving plant(50% shade required).

·       Minimum rainfall required -1500-2000mm/year.

·       It can be grow 20^o latitude on both side of equator.

·       It can be grown at 1500m MSL.

·       Loose soil with 4.5-7 P^H are best for cocoa cultivation.

·       Cocoa germination stage are called Soldiar phase.

·       The seedling are ready for transplanting in 3-4 weaks .

·       Planting time – before monsoon=May – june (main)

After monsoon= sep – oct

·       Training system – open centre or centre leader system.

·       Spacing – 2.7*2.7m

·       Pit size- 50*50*50cm.

·       Pruning time – july –august.

·       In case of cocoa bearing starts second year after planting.

·       Each leaf axil produce upto 50 flowers in a season.

·       But only 1-5% flower produce pod & 60% flower drops 48h after blooming.

 

Variety

§  Major variety=

o   Criollo-Before ripening red after ripening turn yellow colour.

o   Foretero – before ripening green after ripening turn yellow , quality is too good.

§  Other variety=

o   Taranidad & tarinitario- hybrid of criollo and forstero.

o   Amelonado- melon shape variety.

o   Amazon.

o   Develop from kerla- CCRP-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,,8,9,10

o   Develop from CPCRI(Vittal)- VTLCC-1, VTLCH-1,2,3,4.

·       Viability of seed – 7days.

·       Little leaf of cocoa du to – Zn deficiency.

·       Cocoa pod mature in 140-160days after flowering.

·       Harvesting time – sep- oct & april to june.

·       Yield -20-35kg pod /tree.

·       Moisture content in dried cocoa – 6-7%.

·       Moisture content in fermentated cocoa – 55%

·       Fermentation methods=

o   Box method

o   Tray method

o   Basket method

·       Major insect- mealy bug (planococus lilacinus)

·       Major disease- black pod or stem canker(Phytophthora palmivora)

·       Shrivelling and mummifying is common phenomenon of cocoa garden.

·       Cherelle- young fruit of cocoa.

·       Jorquette- plagiotrophic branch of cocoa.

·       Chupon- auxiliary bud of cocoa growen just bellow the jorquetee.

·       ICCO- (the international cocoa organization )  located in London, established in 1973.

·       CPCRI regional station , vittal, KR, 1954.

·       Cocoa improvement work started in  1980.

 

Take a test Free

 

You might also like to read

o    

o    Coconut-

o    Arecanut

o    Cashew nut

o    Terminology

o    Famous name of some crops

o     Root morphology-

o    Stem morphology-

o    Chilli

o    Capsicum

o    Okra

o    BrinjaL

o    Tomato

o    Cauliflower

o    Cabbage

o    Broccoli

o    Knol Khol

o    Brussels sprouts

o    All vegetables

 

any doubt please comment

If anyone wants to download agriculture books and JRF horticulture old paper pdf free

         Join my telegram channel SpHorticulture   Telegram

                                                                                                                                                               &

Group SPhorticulture

Cultivation of Cashew nut(Anacardium oxidentale)

Cultivation of Cashew nut

·       Botanical name = Anacardium oxidentale

·         Family= Anacardiaceae

·         Chromosome number= 2n=2x=42

·         Origin place= south east Brazil

·         Edible part=nut

·         Type of fruit= drupeous nut

·         Type of flower- Polygamomonoesious (bisexual or staminate)

·         Type of inflorescence=Terminal panicle

·         Type of plant= Evergreen tree

·         Type of pollination= Cross

·         Commercial propogation= softwood grafting

·         Highest production in world= Nigiria

·         Major exporter cashew in world - india

·         Highest production in india= Maharastra

·         Other name – wonder nut, dollor earning crop,gold mine of waste land, plough crop etc.

Research stations

·         NRC of cashewnut- Puttar Karnataka(1986).

·         CRS- TNAU, Vridhachalam, Tamilnadu (1971)

·         CRS- Madakkathara, Kerla (1973)

·         CRS- anakkayam , Kerla (1963)

 

·         Cashew nut Generates 5 lackh people employment opportunity.

·         The cashew word derived from Portuguese word “caju” .

·         Cashew nut introduced in india by Portuguese in 16 century.

·         Cashew is a sun loving plant.

·         Cashew nut kernel are mainly use as Dry fruit , it have a lot of protein 21%.

·         Kernel weight – 2-20g and shelling percentage 15-30%.

·         Cashew apple are develop from Peduncle.

·         Cashew apple are rich in Vit. C(Malic acid ).

·         Cashew apple use make drink Fenni in goa city.

·         Cashew nut is a hardy tropical plant.

·         It can be grown 700 msl.

·         Required Temprature range – 19-35c.

·         Waterlooging condition are favourable for cashew nut cultivation.

·         For seed propogation seed are collected in the month of March to may.

·         Seed germination time – 15-20 days.

·         Planting time – June to july.

·         Mainly 45 days lod seedling use for planting.

·         Pit size – 45*45*45.

·         Spacing – 7*7 or 8*8

·         HDP spacing – 8*4 or 4*4

·         UHDP spacing – 4*2 or 3*2.

·         Pruning time – May to september.

·         Cashew nut bears on current season growth.

·         The proportion of ferfect flower – 0.45 to 24.9%.

·         In normal condition 85% flower are fertilized but 4-6% are reach maturity.

·         Flowering time – Nov to feb.

·         Cloudy weather during flowering enhance the incidence of Tea mosquito bug.

·         Fertilizer may be applied in the month of – Nov to dec.

Varieties

·         Relesed from bapalata(CRS) A.P.- BPP-1,2,3,4,5,6,8.

·         Relesed from Maharastra – Vengurla – 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8.

·         Relesed from Tamilnadu – VRI-1,2,3,4 and VRI-H1.

·         Relesed from Ullal Karnataka- Ullal-1,2,3,4,5.

·         Released from NRCC Puttar Karnataka – NRCC-1,2.

·         Released from Kerla – Sulabha , maridula , Anakkayam1(dwarf)

·         Released from madakkathara- Madakkathara-1,2, Dhana(dwarf), priyanka, kanaka,damodar , raghav,amrutha,anagha, poonima etc.

·         Dwarf rootstock of cashew – Anacardium pumilum

 

·         CNSL -  Cashew nut shell liquid = obtained from mesocarp of shell.

·         Cashew nut starts bearing after 4-5 years of planting.

·         Peak stage of harvesting – march to april.

·         Yield – 6kg /tree ( 15 year old tree.)

·         Oil bath roasting- 200-202 C for 3 minutes.

·         Most popular roasting method – steam method.

·         Maximum recovery of oil- oil bath roasting.

·         Peeling – removal of outer brown thin layer.

·         Top working – 20-25 year old tree are beheaded at the hight of 0.5 m .

·         Top working time – Dec to feb.

·          Major insect – tea mosquito bug ( helopeltis antonii).

 

Take a test Free

You might also like to read

·         Coconut-

·         Arecanut

·         Terminology

·         Famous name of some crops

·         Root morphology-

·         Stem morphology-

·         Chilli

·         Capsicum

·         Okra

·         BrinjaL

·         Tomato

·         Cauliflower

·         Cabbage

·         Broccoli

·         Knol Khol

·         Brussels sprouts

·         All vegetables

 

any doubt please comment

If anyone wants to download agriculture books and JRF horticulture old paper pdf free

         Join my telegram channel SpHorticulture   Telegram

                                                                                                                                                               &

Group SPhorticulture