Cultivation of Okra
Ø
Botanical name = Abelmoschus esculentus L(moench)
Ø
Family =
Malvaceae
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Chromosome number = 2n =130
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Origin place =
Africa
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Type of fruit = Capsule
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Type of inflorescence = solitary
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Type of flower= Bisexual flower are found
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Type of plant = annual
Ø Type of pollination = often
cross (cross 10%).
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Highest production in world = India (72%)
Ø
Highest production in India = WB
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Highest productivity in India = Chhattisgarh.
Ø
national
average productivity = 11.9 MT /hec
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Other name =
Gumbo ,ochro,lady’s finger, Bhindi.
Uses and importance
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The immature fruit of okra use as
culinary purpose.
Ø
The root and stem are used for
cleaning cane juice in preparation of jaggary.
Ø
Frozen and sterilized
okra are mainly use in USA, and sundried okra use in India and Africa.
Ø
Okra plant are rich in stem fiber
mainly use in paper industry.
Ø
Ripe okra seed are roasted and use as
a substitute of
coffee.
Ø Dry seed of okra contain 13-22%
oil and 20-24% protein.
Origin, Botany and taxonomy
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Abelmoschus was 1ST established in 1787 at Medikus.
Ø Abelmoschus word are derived from Arabic word “abu-l-mosk”
means “father of musk”,
reffering to the musk scented seed.
Ø
Esculentus
is a latin word means “edible”.
Ø
Charriar 1984 suggested A. esculentus are polyploidy in nature.
Ø
Datta
and naug in 1968 suggested the chromosome number for A. esculentus as
2n =
72,108,120,132,144.
Ø A. angulosus species have lowest
chromosome number in okra= 2n=56
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Okra fruit are rich in Iodine.
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Mucilage present in okra due to = Galacturonic and glucuronic acid.
Ø
Okra plant have indeterminate type growth.
Some important species
Sr.no.
|
Name
|
Character
|
1.
|
A.esculentus
|
Cultivated,
Common okra
|
2.
|
A.tuberculatus
|
Ancestor of
okra, bristly hair are found, tolerant to fruit and
shoot borer (2n=58)
|
3.
|
A.manihot
|
Cultivated,
Much shorter fruit and leaf are use as leafy vegetable(Ghana okra)
|
4.
|
A.moschatus
|
Cultivated
,seed are aromatic, capsule are ovoid or oblong
|
5.
|
A.tetraphyllus
|
Soft hair are found on fruit
|
6.
|
A.crinitus
Wall
|
Mature capsule are fusiform
|
7.
|
A.caillei
|
Guinean or west African okra, tolerant
to fruit and shoot borer
|
8.
|
A.ficulneus
|
2n=72
|
9.
|
A.angulosus
|
2n =56(lowest
chromosome number )
|
Ø
Type
of okra =
·
Old fashioned okra
·
Spineless okra
·
Dwarf okra
·
Giant okra
·
Round pod okra
·
Star pod okra
·
Red okra
Cultivation
of okra
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Okra seed will not germinate bellow 20C .
Ø
It is a tropical crop.
Ø
Best temperature for okra okra
cultivation = 25-35C.
Ø
It can’t withstand against frost.
Ø
When the temperature raised above 42 C the flower buds start dropping.
Ø
Best Ph for okra cultivation =
5.8-6.8
Varieties
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YVMV(yellow
vein mosaic virus) resistant varieties = Azad Kranti,
Hisar Naveen , Hisar unnat, Punjab-7 , Punjab-8, Punjab Padmini , Prabhni Kranti , Arka Anamika
, Arka Abhay , Uphar Varsha , CO-3.
Ø
Suitable
for export = Pusa A-4, prabhni Kranti , Ursha uphar.
Ø
IIVR
– Varanasi released varieties = Kashi pragati , Kashi vibhuti
, Kashi Kranti
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Sowing time of okra =
·
Kharif
= June to July
·
Summer
= march to April
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Seed
rate of okra =
·
Kharif
= 8-10 kg
·
Summer
= 18-20 kg
Ø
Seed viability = 2years.
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The crop yield starts after 60 days
of sowing and extends to about 100 days.
Ø Commercially it is harvested at immature stage.
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Mucilage content in okra fruit found in immature stage.
Ø
Export standard length = 6-8cm.
Ø
Yield
=
·
Kharif
= 12.5 tones /hec
·
Summer
= 8 tones /hec
·
Seed = 1000-1500kg/hec
Ø Isolation distance for foundation seed = 400m
Ø Isolation distance for certified seed = 200m
Ø
1g seed = 20 seeds.
Ø
Storage
= fresh okra fruit are stored at 7-9C with 70-75% RH
for 3-4 days.
Ø
Major pest of okra= fruit
borer(erias spp. & helicoverpa armigera.)
Ø Major disease of okra = YVMV(yellow vein mosaic virus )50-90%
loss.
Ø
YVMV(yellow vein mosaic virus ) are
transmitted by = White fly(bamisia
tabasai)
Ø
White
fly resistant variety of okra = Prabhni kranti
Ø
Leaf curl in okra first
reported in = IIHR(indian institute of
horticulture research) , banglore in 1984.
Ø
Leaf curl virus are transmitted by = White
fly(bamisia tabasai).
Ø
Okra
are highly susceptible to RKN(root knot nematode) meloidogyne spp.
Some important
information
Ø
D. Harbhajan Singh started systemic research
on okra.
Ø Bt –okra is developed by Maharashtra
Hybrid seed company Limited it’s containing cry1AC gene.
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